Grab some Tylenol. You’re about to delve into the rather confusing and sometimes cantankerous world (or as some users would call it — underworld) of color management. It is, by far, the biggest headache of every graphics professional’s day-to-day experience. And I’m sure quite a few home users also scratch their heads wondering why their digital photo looked so great on-screen and turned into a muddy mess on paper.
Why? Well, I’ll start with the basic gripe of many users as they look disapprovingly at their printout — “But it didn’t look like that on the screen!” There are two major color models — RGB (Red-Green-Blue) and CMYK (Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black).
The RGB color model (16.7 million colors), which all monitors use, has a significantly wider range of color (called a gamut in computer lingo) than the CMYK color model (approximately 55,000 colors) that is used by printers. The result is that many of the colors you see on-screen fall outside the CMYK gamut and therefore cannot be reproduced on paper. And in some cases, some CMYK colors fall outside the RGB gamut. Programs such as Photoshop try to do their best by providing colors that are the closest match. But those bright and vibrant colors that are out of gamut are matched with duller, darker versions at best.
And if that difference alone isn’t enough to complicate matters, hardware devices that share the same color model can possess different gamuts within the same color model. For example, the RGB color space of a monitor can differ from the RGB color space of a scanner. Not only that, but you can also have different color spaces within the same type of device. A 15-inch generic monitor won’t display color equal to a 21-inch Sony Trinitron monitor. Likewise, an Epson printer may not share the same color space as a Hewlett-Packard or Lexmark printer.
So when you take into account the differences that can occur between platforms, monitors, printers, browsers, scanners, applications, paper and other substrates, or any of the almost infinite number of possible permutations, it makes you want to return to the days of quill and parchment. Techies often call this mind-numbingly large number of possible inconsistencies device-dependent color. In other words, the color is dependent upon the hardware device. And device-dependent color varies. That’s just the cold, harsh reality, and nothing’s changing that.
But Adobe, being the kind and benevolent software mega giant that it is, has developed (first introduced in Version 5.0) a color management system designed to be device independent. The five-cent explanation of this system is that you first identify your working color spaces. Photoshop then tags your files with that color space by embedding a color profile (also known as an ICC profile) with your files. The program then analyzes any color space in which you either view or output a file and makes adjustments on the fly so that the color is viewed and printed reasonably accurately and consistently, in theory, independent of the device. Photoshop also reads the embedded color profile (or lack thereof) of any file you open and addresses how you wish to deal with that profile if it doesn’t match your working color space.
In the upcoming sections, I give you the 25-cent explanation — which I hope is enough to get you managing color. If color management is an extremely critical workflow issue to you, I recommend buying a book or two strictly devoted to nothing but managing color. It is well worth the dollars.
Reproducing color is not an exact science. In fact, sometimes you would think it takes an act of voodoo magic to get the output you want. Don’t throw up your hands and live with whatever output comes out the other end; if you can’t change the color, you can at least change your attitude toward color. Getting a handle on color management requires four things —some knowledge, some patience, a significant amount of time to experiment and test, and, most importantly, acceptance. Acceptance of the unfortunate fact that we don’t live in a WYSIWYG world. What you get in one medium is sometimes merely an approximation of what you see in another.
Why? Well, I’ll start with the basic gripe of many users as they look disapprovingly at their printout — “But it didn’t look like that on the screen!” There are two major color models — RGB (Red-Green-Blue) and CMYK (Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-Black).
The RGB color model (16.7 million colors), which all monitors use, has a significantly wider range of color (called a gamut in computer lingo) than the CMYK color model (approximately 55,000 colors) that is used by printers. The result is that many of the colors you see on-screen fall outside the CMYK gamut and therefore cannot be reproduced on paper. And in some cases, some CMYK colors fall outside the RGB gamut. Programs such as Photoshop try to do their best by providing colors that are the closest match. But those bright and vibrant colors that are out of gamut are matched with duller, darker versions at best.
And if that difference alone isn’t enough to complicate matters, hardware devices that share the same color model can possess different gamuts within the same color model. For example, the RGB color space of a monitor can differ from the RGB color space of a scanner. Not only that, but you can also have different color spaces within the same type of device. A 15-inch generic monitor won’t display color equal to a 21-inch Sony Trinitron monitor. Likewise, an Epson printer may not share the same color space as a Hewlett-Packard or Lexmark printer.
So when you take into account the differences that can occur between platforms, monitors, printers, browsers, scanners, applications, paper and other substrates, or any of the almost infinite number of possible permutations, it makes you want to return to the days of quill and parchment. Techies often call this mind-numbingly large number of possible inconsistencies device-dependent color. In other words, the color is dependent upon the hardware device. And device-dependent color varies. That’s just the cold, harsh reality, and nothing’s changing that.
But Adobe, being the kind and benevolent software mega giant that it is, has developed (first introduced in Version 5.0) a color management system designed to be device independent. The five-cent explanation of this system is that you first identify your working color spaces. Photoshop then tags your files with that color space by embedding a color profile (also known as an ICC profile) with your files. The program then analyzes any color space in which you either view or output a file and makes adjustments on the fly so that the color is viewed and printed reasonably accurately and consistently, in theory, independent of the device. Photoshop also reads the embedded color profile (or lack thereof) of any file you open and addresses how you wish to deal with that profile if it doesn’t match your working color space.
In the upcoming sections, I give you the 25-cent explanation — which I hope is enough to get you managing color. If color management is an extremely critical workflow issue to you, I recommend buying a book or two strictly devoted to nothing but managing color. It is well worth the dollars.
Color Management Essentials in Photoshop
![Color Management Essentials in Photoshop]()
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